Flat washer and spring washer industrial solutions?

When we do the design, should we use spacers or not? Do you ever struggle with one thing? Flat washers are often used to reduce friction, prevent leakage, and isolate or disperse surface pressure. If the selection is wrong, such as the 200HV washer used in bolt connections above 8.8, there may be problems. The reason why the hardness of the washer is used to express the performance, rather than the material tensile or yield strength, is that the washer this part can not test the tensile or yield strength because the ring size is too small and can not make experimental samples. Still, the material's hardness and mechanical strength have a specific proportional relationship; hardness is relatively easy to measure as an indicator. Therefore, hardness is used to measure the performance of the washer, and it is evident that the yield strength of the 300HV washer material is higher than that of 200HV. In the bolt connection of high-performance grade, the bolt's pre-tightening force and external load are relatively high. The compressive stress generated by the pre-tightening force of the 10.9 grade bolt on the washer has exceeded the yield limit of the 200HV washer material. The washer will produce plastic deformation, especially during the operation of the equipment; under the action of dynamic load, the compressive stress borne by the washer will increase, the plastic deformation will further develop, the washer will become thinner, and the pre-tightening force of the bolt will be reduced. The flat washer can protect the connection from being scratched by the surface. In the friction-type bolt connection, the pressure transfer of the bolt head or nut-bearing surface is gradually expanded in a trumpet shape because the bolt needs to exert a large preload when the allowable compressive stress of the connected part is relatively low if the bolt head end face is in direct contact with the part, the contact surface will produce considerable compressive stress, too much compressive stress may lead to the damage or crushing of the part material. Therefore, a washer can be added between the bolt head and the part to disperse the pressure from the bolt head. The anti-loosening principle of the spring washer is that after flattening the spring washer, the spring washer will produce a continuous elastic force so that the threaded connection pair of the nut and the bolt will continue to maintain a friction force, resulting in a resistance moment, to prevent the nut from loosening. At the same time, the sharp Angle of the opening of the spring washer is inserted into the surface of the bolt and the connected part, respectively, to prevent the bolt from turning relative to the connected part. 

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