Common types of materials and their characteristics of flat washers

Stainless steel flat washers

Stainless steel washers, the most representative, are 304, 304L, 316, and 316L stainless steel, with corrosion and rust resistance.

304 stainless steel in the national standard is 06Cr18Ni10, also called 18/8 stainless steel, which refers to its containing 18% -20% chromium (Cr) and 8% -10% nickel (Ni), and in the Temperature of -196 ℃ to 538 ℃, prone to stress corrosion and intergranular corrosion. 304 stainless steel washer suitable for the working condition of the Temperature can not exceed 760℃.

304L stainless steel in the ISO standard labeled 06Cr19Ni10, which the L refers to as the de-carbonization process, has a carbon content of no more than 0.03%, which can improve its resistance to intergranular corrosion performance.

316 stainless steel in the national standard labeled 06Cr17Ni12Mo2, more than 304 stainless steel molybdenum (Mo) alloy, and nickel (Ni) content of 2% -3%, many people say that the stainless steel 18/12 is said to be 316 stainless steel, its strength and corrosion resistance is higher, and in the temperature rise, has a higher resistance to creep. 316 stainless steel washer suitable for working conditions. Temperature also can not exceed 760 ℃.

A stainless steel flat washer is widely used; it has the advantages of corrosion resistance, rust resistance, and high strength. In addition, stainless steel flat washers are also characterized by high-temperature resistance, usually used in high-temperature or corrosive environments. However, stainless steel flat washers are more expensive and need to be selected according to the specific use of the appropriate models and specifications.

Stainless steel flat washers are standard fasteners, usually used to connect two or more parts to increase the tightness and stability of the connection. Stainless steel flat washers have the advantages of corrosion resistance, high-temperature resistance, wear resistance, etc., so they are widely used in various mechanical equipment and industrial fields.

The standards for stainless steel flat washers include international, European, American, and Japanese standards. The international standards are especially ISO, DIN, JIS, etc.; the European standards are mostly EN, BS, etc.; the U.S. standards are mainly ANSI, ASME, etc.; and the Japanese standards are mainly JIS. These standards specify the size, material, surface treatment, performance, and other requirements of stainless steel flat washers to ensure their quality and reliability.

The dimensions of stainless steel flat washers include inner diameter, outer diameter, thickness, etc., usually expressed in millimeters or inches. In terms of material, stainless steel flat washers are mainly made of stainless steel materials, such as 304, 316, 321, etc., to ensure their corrosion resistance. Regarding surface treatment, stainless steel flat washers are usually polished and pickled to improve their surface finish and corrosion resistance.

The performance of stainless steel flat washers mainly includes elasticity, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and other aspects. Elasticity refers to the ability of stainless steel flat washers to restore the original shape after force; hardness refers to the pressure resistance of stainless steel flat washers; abrasion resistance refers to stainless steel flat washers that are not easy to wear and tear in long-term use; and corrosion resistance refers to stainless steel flat washers easily damaged by corrosive medium erosion.

A stainless steel flat washer is a vital fastener; its standardized production and application can improve the quality and reliability of mechanical equipment and industrial products. The selection of stainless steel flat washers should be based on the specific requirements of the appropriate size, material performance, and other aspects to ensure that it can meet the actual application needs.

Stainless steel gasket should have the following characteristics.

1. Airtightness: The gasket in the medium's sealing system should be at the recommended Temperature and pressure to work for a certain period without leakage.

2. Compressibility: After fastening, the gasket and flange contact surface in the connecting bolts should coincide excellently to ensure the seal.

3. Creep resistance: the gasket in the pressure load and the use of Temperature under the influence of creep resistance should be good; otherwise, back to the bolt torque loss, resulting in gasket surface stress reduction, thus hardening the gas system leakage.

4. Chemical corrosion resistance: the selected gasket should not be corrupted by chemical media and can not contaminate the medium.

5. Resilience: Even in the stable condition of the system connected to the two flanges, due to the influence of Temperature and pressure, there will undoubtedly be a small displacement; the elastic function of the gasket should be able to compensate for this displacement to ensure that the system seals.

6. Anti-adhesion: The gasket should be easily removed from the flange after use, not adhesive.

7. Non-corrosive: the gasket should be connected to the surface of the flange non-corrosive.

8. Temperature resistance: the gasket should be selected to ensure that the lowest Temperature in the system and the highest Temperature under everyday use

Brass flat washers

Brass refers to the copper (Cu) content of 66% and zinc (Zn) content of 34% of the alloy material; in most working conditions, its corrosion resistance is good but does not adapt to acetic acid, ammonia, salt, and acetylene. The suitable working temperature of brass washers cannot exceed 260℃. The composition of copper is close to pure copper (Cu), which contains a trace of silver (Ag) to enhance its continuous working temperature. Copper washers should not exceed a maximum constant working temperature of 260 ℃.

Copper flat washers have the advantage of good electrical conductivity, which is useful when conductive mechanical equipment or electronic components are needed. In addition, they are good in toughness and corrosion resistance. However, the hardness of the copper flat washer is relatively low, and users must pay attention to avoid deformation.

Galvanized flat washers

Galvanized flat washers are made of steel as the base material, after electroplating or hot dip galvanizing treatment, with corrosion resistance, are not easy to deform, and have other advantages. In addition, galvanized flat washers are relatively low in price, easy to process and produce, and commonly used in construction materials, auto parts, and other fields.

Steel flat washers

Carbon steel washers' suitable working temperature should not exceed 538 ℃, especially in the medium with oxidizing properties; the Temperature can not be too high. Manufacture of inorganic acids, neutral or acidic salt solution equipment; if the carbon steel washer is in hot water working conditions, the equipment is prone to failure. However, high concentrations of acid and alkali solution manufacturing equipment can be used in carbon steel washers. 20 alloy is a kind of alloy steel, and its resistance to sulfuric acid corrosion ability is superior; the elements of iron are nickel-based, and the general composition is 45% iron (Fe), 24% nickel (Ni), 20% Chromium (Cr) and a small amount of molybdenum (Mo) and copper (Cu). Twenty alloy washers should not be more than 815 ℃ suitable working temperature.

Steel flat washers have advantages such as high strength, hardness, and resistance to deformation. They are suitable for large mechanical equipment and high-strength requirements. However, their corrosion resistance is relatively poor and needs to be attended to when used.

Aluminum (Al) corrosion resistance and processing performance are perfect; for aluminum gaskets with an aluminum content of not less than 99%, the Temperature of its suitable working conditions should not exceed 426 ℃, such as double-clamp gaskets.

Hastelloy flat washers

Hastelloy is a nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloy; the main components are nickel-chromium alloy and nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy, two kinds of corrosion resistance and good thermal stability. Two types are commonly used in the production of washers: Hastelloy Hastelloy B-2 (00Ni70Mo28) and Hastelloy C-276 (00Cr16Mo16W4). These two types of washers suit working temperatures that can not exceed 1093 ℃.

Titanium alloy flat washers

Titanium (Ti), in high-temperature conditions, still has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of temperatures and concentrations and can resist nitric acid, chloride ions, and other corrosion. The titanium washer's suitable working temperature is not higher than 1093 ℃.

Other nickel-based alloys

Inconel600 nickel-based high-temperature alloy belongs to a nickel-cobalt-aluminum system of metals, high Temperature, corrosion resistance, and high strength; its composition has 77% nickel (Ni), 15% chromium (Ni), 7% iron (Fe). In high-temperature conditions, its strength is still very high, mainly used to solve the stress corrosion problem on the equipment; in low-temperature conditions, it also still has superior processing performance. Inconel600 alloy washers' suitable working temperature can not exceed 1093 ℃.

Monel 400 alloy is a nickel-based alloy material with good corrosion resistance in various media such as seawater, chemical solvents, ammonia, sulfur and chlorine, hydrogen chloride, sulfate acid, phosphoric acid and other acidic media, alkaline media, salt, and molten salt. The maximum continuous working temperature of the gasket of Monel 400 alloy should not exceed 815℃.

In short, selecting suitable flat washer material should be based on the specific use of the environment and requirements for comprehensive consideration. Stainless steel, copper, galvanized steel, and other common materials have advantages and scopes of application and must be selected according to actual needs.

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